Determining the Impact of the CSN1S1 Gene on Physicochemical Properties of Milk among Three Goat Breeds of District Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

The physicochemical characteristics of goat milk, such as acidity, citric acid level, density, fatty acid levels, freezing point, and urea content, contribute significantly to the quality of fresh milk obtained from different dairy production methods. Various environmental and genetic factors, such as health problems, lactation stage, breeding environment, feed intake, and genetic polymorphism, influence the composition of milk. Studies on the effects of CSN1S1 on the physicochemical properties (proteins, vitamins, and fat) of goat breeds' milk have been limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the CSN1S1 gene on goat milk physicochemical traits. The methodology consists of three types of milk samples collected from District Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. The samples were sent to the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) labs in Karachi, Pakistan. All the samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties, such as fat, proteins, and vitamins (A, B2, C, D, E, and K) by PCSIR in Karachi. The AOAC 2023 method was applied in this study, and HPLC technology was employed to investigate vitamins A, B2 (riboflavin), C, D, E, and K. We employed the Gerber technique for fat determination and Kjeldahl for protein evaluation. The outcome revealed Kamori breed milk had a high fat percentage (4.50%–4.90%) by Gerber analysis but showed decreased levels of protein (2.85% and 3.60%) as compared to the standard mean value of 4.82 mg/ml. The protein was estimated by the Kjeldahl method, indicating that such alterations affect the ratio between the synthesis of fat and protein. Teddy breed milk had a higher content of fat (5.42–6.90%), according to the Gerber method, but showed lower protein contents (2.85 and 2.80%) compared to the average value of 4.82 mg/ml. The physico-chemical impact of fat content was higher (3.60%–4.40%) than the standard usual value (3.4–4.2%). In comparison to the remaining two breeds of goats, we noted a great difference. The study also determined the vitamin concentration in three breeds of goats, including Kamori, Teddy, and Gulabi. Vitamin A, B2, C, D, E, and K values were measured against the overall standard range made in other studies. The Kamori breed has a mean vitamin A concentration of 103 (µg/100g) and a vitamin B concentration of 0.13 (µg/100g). Similarly, the values are Vitamin C 1.14 (µg/100g), Vitamin D 47.34 (µg/100g), Vitamin E 0.07 (µg/100g), and Vitamin K 0.18 (µg/100g). In the Teddy breed, vitamin A was measured at 98.82 µg/100 g, while vitamin B was recorded at 0.12 µg/100 g. Likewise, the values are as follows: Vitamin C 1.28 (µg/100g), Vitamin D 20.10 (µg/100g), Vitamin E 0.04 (µg/100g), and Vitamin K 0.27 (µg/100g). In the Gulabi breed, vitamin A was measured at 88.10 (µg/100g), while vitamin B was recorded at 0.13 (µg/100g). Likewise, the values are as follows: Vitamin C 1.74 (µg/100g), Vitamin D 41.72 (µg/100g), Vitamin E 0.06 (µg/100g), and Vitamin K 0.03 (µg/100g). The vitamin values among these three breeds suggest a substantial presence of vitamin D. This study concludes that there is a substantial link between variations in the CSN1S1 gene and the Kamori goat breed, particularly regarding the percentage prevalence of fat and normal protein levels across all three breeds, as well as the significant amount of Vitamin D found in each of these breeds.