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https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.493Keywords:
Anatomical Modifications, Dalbergia sissoo, Faisalabad Region, Plant AnatomyAbstract
The Fabaceae family, known for its agricultural significance, includes Dalbergia sissoo, a multipurpose tree used in reforestation and timber production. This species plays a critical role in preventing soil erosion due to its root system's suckers and contributes to nitrogen fixation. To adapt to varying environmental conditions, plants exhibit anatomical changes across different habitats. This study aimed to investigate the comparative anatomy of D. sissoo specimens collected from 16 sites in the Faisalabad region of Pakistan, including Gutwala, Shahkot, Gatti, Gokhowal, and others. The plant samples were preserved using formalin acetic acid alcohol solution (FAA) for short-term preservation and acetic alcohol solution for long-term preservation. Stem and leaf sections were prepared using the free-hand sectioning technique, followed by staining using the double staining method for detailed anatomical analysis. Permanent slides were prepared with Canada balsam and observed under a stereo microscope. The study revealed significant anatomical variations in response to ecological factors such as salinity, pollution, and water stress. The adaxial epidermal and sclerenchyma thickness were highest in the saline Pakka Anna ecotype, while the cortical cell area of the leaf was maximum in the pollution-affected Shahkot ecotype. Notably, lamina, midrib, phloem thickness, and metaxylem cell area were minimum in the Sahianwala and Pakka Anna ecotypes. Stomatal area and density were minimum in the water-stressed regions. Statistical analysis using ANOVA (5% probability level) demonstrated significant differences, supporting the influence of environmental stressors on plant anatomy. This research enhances our understanding of how D. sissoo adapts to various ecological conditions, contributing valuable insights to its conservation and agricultural use.
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