Exploring the Contributing Factors of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Meqdad Hussain; Farah Shaikh; Laiba Jamil; Aania Shaheen; M.Hashir Afaq; Abrar Ahmed Hasni; Mohammad Wasiq Waseem; Maryam Khalid

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.555

Authors

Meqdad Hussain Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, PHQ Hospital, Gilgit, Pakistan.
Farah Shaikh Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Allied Health Sciences, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Laiba Jamil Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Allied Health Sciences, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Aania Shaheen Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Allied Health Sciences, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
M.Hashir Afaq Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Abrar Ahmed Hasni Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Allied Health Sciences, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Mohammad Wasiq Waseem Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Allied Health Sciences, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Maryam Khalid Department of Medical Lab Technology, Al Nafees Medical College, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.555

Keywords:

PCOS, Hirsutism, Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Infertility, Hormonal Imbalances

Abstract

Background: PCOS, a complex endocrine disorder, primarily affects those of reproductive age, emerging in late teens or early twenties. It involves hormonal imbalances, notably heightened androgen levels and insulin resistance. Clinical manifestations include irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, and acne. Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices worsen symptoms, leading to weight gain and increased insulin resistance. Obesity often coexists, intensifying metabolic issues. A family history raises the risk. Complications encompass infertility, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and holistic PCOS management positively impact symptoms and associated complications. Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional design to collect data from 50 diagnosed PCOS patients using a pre-structured questionnaire. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion criteria from, Holy Family and DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi. Results: The study revealed a diverse participant distribution, with 42% aged 19-24 and 40% aged 25-34. Most were married (64%), and hormone test results varied, notably with abnormal levels in testosterone (34%) and irregular menstrual cycles affecting 92%. Insulin levels were elevated in 14%, while 74% engaged in regular exercise. Dietary habits ranged from healthy (26%) to unhealthy (12%). Stress concerned 92%, and 70% used treatments for PCOS, addressing health issues like fertility problems (62%) and skin/hair issues (90%). Family history of PCOS or hormonal disorders was reported by 46%. Conclusion: Our study contributes nuanced insights into the complex landscape of PCOS, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions and holistic care. our findings provide a deeper understanding of the interconnections between demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors, paving the way for further research and targeted interventions in PCOS management.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ajmal, N., Khan, S. Z., & Shaikh, R. (2019). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X, 3, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100060

Zeng, L., Rana, S., Hussain, L., Asif, M., Mehmood, M. H., Imran, I., Younas, A., Mahdy, A., Al-Joufi, F. A., & Abed, S. N. (2022). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A disorder of reproductive age, its pathogenesis, and a discussion on the emerging role of herbal remedies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.874914

Azziz, R. (2006). Diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome: The Rotterdam criteria are premature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(3), 781-785. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2153

Kiran, S., Sarwar, H., & Masih, S. (2023). The knowledge and awareness on polycystic ovarian syndrome among lady health visitors in public health nursing school Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i05.707

Polycystic ovary syndrome, subfertility and vitamin D deficiency. (2020). Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 30(05), 545-546. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2020.05.545

Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome: Definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(5), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.24

Chaudhuri, A. (2023). Polycystic ovary syndrome: Causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, and remedies. Obesity Medicine, 39, 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2023.100480

Balen, A. (2004). The pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: Trying to understand PCOS and its endocrinology. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 18(5), 685-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.004

Bergo, I., Eckert, D., Puşcaş, A., Jîtcă, G., & Terovescan, A. (2023). Hormone imbalance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Acta Biologica Marisiensis, 6(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.2478/abmj-2023-0002

Harada, M. (2022). Pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: Current understanding and perspectives regarding future research. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12487

Balkrishna, A., Rana, M., Mishra, S., Srivastava, D., Bhardwaj, R., Singh, S., Rajput, S. K., & Arya, V. (2023). Incredible combination of lifestyle modification and herbal remedies for polycystic ovarian syndrome management. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2023(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3705508

Parker, J. (2023). Pathophysiological effects of contemporary lifestyle on evolutionary-conserved survival mechanisms in polycystic ovary syndrome. Life, 13(4), 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13041056

Begum, R. F., Singh S, A., & Mohan, S. (2023). Impact of junk food on obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome: Mechanisms and management strategies. Obesity Medicine, 40, 100495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2023.100495

Han, Y., Wu, H., Sun, S., Zhao, R., Deng, Y., Zeng, S., & Chen, J. (2023). Effect of high fat diet on disease development of polycystic ovary syndrome and lifestyle intervention strategies. Nutrients, 15(9), 2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092230

Bruni, V., Capozzi, A., & Lello, S. (2021). The role of genetics, epigenetics and lifestyle in polycystic ovary syndrome development: The state of the art. Reproductive Sciences, 29(3), 668-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00515-4

Amin, M., Horst, N., & Gragnoli, C. (2023). Linkage and association of variants in the dopamine receptor 2 gene (DRD2) with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Ovarian Research, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-023-01205-2

McCartney, C. R., & Marshall, J. C. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(1), 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1514916

Kaundal, A., Renjhen, P., & Kumari, R. (2023). Awareness of lifestyle modifications in the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36889

Hasan, M., Sultana, S., Sohan, M., Parvin, S., Rahman, M. A., Hossain, M. J., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2022). Prevalence and associated risk factors for mental health problems among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross—Sectional study. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0270102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270102

Alamoudi, A., Khan, I. U., Aslam, N., Alqahtani, N., Alsaif, H. S., Al Dandan, O., Al Gadeeb, M., & Al Bahrani, R. (2023). A deep learning fusion approach to diagnosis the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, 2023, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9686697

Rashid, R., Mir, S. A., Kareem, O., Ali, T., Ara, R., Malik, A., Amin, F., & Bader, G. (2022). Polycystic ovarian syndrome-current pharmacotherapy and clinical implications. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 61(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2021.11.009

Cowan, S., Lim, S., Alycia, C., Pirotta, S., Thomson, R., Gibson-Helm, M., Blackmore, R., Naderpoor, N., Bennett, C., Ee, C., Rao, V., Mousa, A., Alesi, S., & Moran, L. (2023). Lifestyle management in polycystic ovary syndrome – beyond diet and physical activity. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01208-y

Wahyuni, A., Supriyatiningsih, Kusumawati, W., Sedah Kirana, K., & Mayayustika, C. D. (2022). Family history of PCOS, obesity, low fiber diet, and low physical activity increase the risk of PCOS. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol13.iss1.art8

Begum, F. (2009). Clinical and hormonal profile of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1(2), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1023

Salma, U., Alshaikh, A. B., Alanazi, M. F., Sheikh, M. S., & Rashwan, E. K. (2023). Study of lipid profiles high and normal body mass index in polycystic ovary syndrome women in Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12(8), 2333-2336. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20232268

Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Tao, Y., Gao, R., Xu, W., Yang, Y., Cheng, K., Wang, Y., & Qin, L. (2021). The genetic association of polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of endometrial cancer: A mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.756137

Khmil, M., Khmil, S., & Marushchak, M. (2020). Hormone imbalance in women with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome: Is there a connection with body mass index? Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(B), 731-737. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4569

Bhatt, H. (2018). Medicolegal aspects of polycystic ovarian disease. Decoding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), 191-191. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/13089_16

Fahs, D., Salloum, D., Nasrallah, M., & Ghazeeri, G. (2023). Polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathophysiology and controversies in diagnosis. Diagnostics, 13(9), 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091559

Heidarzadehpilehrood, R., Pirhoushiaran, M., Abdollahzadeh, R., Binti Osman, M., Sakinah, M., Nordin, N., & Abdul Hamid, H. (2022). A review on CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1 polymorphism studies: Candidate susceptibility genes for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and infertility. Genes, 13(2), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020302

Deswal, R., Narwal, V., Dang, A., & Pundir, C. S. (2020). The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 13(4), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_95_18

Wahyuni, A., Supriyatiningsih, Kusumawati, W., Sedah Kirana, K., & Mayayustika, C. D. (2022). Family history of PCOS, obesity, low fiber diet, and low physical activity increase the risk of PCOS. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol13.iss1.art8

Karakas, S. E., Kim, K., & Duleba, A. J. (2010). Determinants of impaired fasting glucose versus glucose intolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care, 33(4), 887-893. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1525

Begum, F. (2009). Clinical and hormonal profile of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1(2), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1023

Shan, B., Cai, J., Yang, S., & Li, Z. (2015). Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li people. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8(7), 590-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.001

Salma, U., Alshaikh, A. B., Alanazi, M. F., Sheikh, M. S., & Rashwan, E. K. (2023). Study of lipid profiles high and normal body mass index in polycystic ovary syndrome women in Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12(8), 2333-2336. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20232268

Le Donne, M., Alibrandi, A., Giarrusso, R., Monaco, L., & Muraca, U. (2012). Diet, metformin and inositol in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: effects on body composition. Minerva ginecologica, 64(1), 23-29.

Arentz, S., Smith, C. A., Abbott, J., & Bensoussan, A. (2021). Perceptions and experiences of lifestyle interventions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as a management strategy for symptoms of PCOS. BMC Women's Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01252-1

Ismayilova, M., & Yaya, S. (2022). What can be done to improve polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) healthcare? Insights from semi-structured interviews with women in Canada. BMC Women's Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01734-w