Advances in Antithrombotic Therapy: A Review of New Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications in Cardiovascular Disease

Kiran Jabbar; Rahul Sagar Advani; Syed Ali Hadi Kirmani; Husnain Ahmad; Sameer Ali

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1071

Authors

Kiran Jabbar Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Health Sciences Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
Rahul Sagar Advani Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9494-9584
Syed Ali Hadi Kirmani Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Husnain Ahmad Ch. Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan, Pakistan
Sameer Ali Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1071

Keywords:

Antithrombotic Therapy, Cardiovascular Disease, Antiplatelet Agents, Anticoagulants, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, Direct Oral Anticoagulants, Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine

Abstract

Antithrombotic therapy is of the greatest importance in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). The past two decades have seen remarkable advances in antithrombotic therapy, which have resulted in the identification of new agents that are more effective and safer than traditional treatments. This review seeks to compare the efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of newer antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs with those of traditional therapies. Specifically, it discusses the newer P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor, as well as direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. Results from large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that the newer agents offer improved clinical outcomes in the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as MI, stroke, and mortality compared to older drugs such as clopidogrel and warfarin. However, it must be noted that the newer agents also pose a greater risk of bleeding, particularly in high-risk patients, which remains a significant consideration in the decision to treat. Furthermore, personalized medicine, including pharmacogenetic testing, is now becoming an important tool for the optimization of antithrombotic therapy by enabling the selection of the most suitable drug for individual patients based on their genetic profile. This review discusses both the benefits and limitations of the newer therapies, highlighting the importance of careful patient selection, regular monitoring, and the incorporation of personalized medicine into clinical practice to maximize therapeutic benefits. Further research is necessary to assess the long-term safety, cost-effectiveness, and clinical benefits of these therapies, particularly in heterogeneous patient populations.

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