Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Thigh Circumference

Ishwah Akram; Muhammad Zubair; Syeda Kinza Bukhari; Fahad Ahmad Khan; Aima Maheen; Bareera Aslam

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1114

Authors

Ishwah Akram Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Muhammad Zubair Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Syeda Kinza Bukhari Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Fahad Ahmad Khan Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Aima Maheen Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Bareera Aslam Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1114

Keywords:

Anthropometry, Coronary Artery Disease, Thigh

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the association between thigh circumference and risk of coronary artery disease. Study Design: Case-control study: Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, CMH Hospital Multan, Pakistan from November 2023 to February 2024. Methods: A total of 150 patients reporting at the outpatient department and diagnosed as having coronary artery disease were enrolled in this study and included in Study group through consecutive sampling. Another 150 patients reporting at the outpatient department and not suffering from coronary artery disease were included in the Control group. Diagnosis of coronary artery disease was performed on the basis of electrocardiogram, levels of creatine kinase and further confirmed on coronary angiogram. All the demographic details and relevant clinical history and anthropometric measurements were performed including the thigh circumference. The primary outcome was set as the significance of difference between thigh circumferences of patients in the Study group compared with patients in Control group. Results: The Mean±SD of age of study participants was 55.23±8.12 years with age ranging from 42 to 68 years. Male gender was 56% while female gender was 44%. The results of this study showed that thigh circumference in Study group was significantly smaller than that in Control group (51.30±3.41 cm Vs 52.55±3.80 cm, p=0.003). Moreover the number of patients with thigh circumference≤50 cm were significantly higher in the Study group compared to Control group (58 Vs 40, p=0.026). Conclusion: An association was found between smaller thigh circumference and incidence of coronary artery disease, it is therefore an important anthropometric parameter for measuring the risk of coronary artery disease.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., Delling, F. N., Djousse, L., Elkind, M. S. V., Ferguson, J. F., Fornage, M., Jordan, L. C., Khan, S. S., Kissela, B. M., Knutson, K. L., & Kwan, T. W. (2019). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139(10), 56–528. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000659

Shaito, A., Thuan, D. T., Phu, H. T., Nguyen, T. H., Hasan, H., Halabi, S., Abdelhady, S., Nasrallah, G. K., Eid, A. H., & Pintus, G. (2020). Herbal medicine for cardiovascular diseases: Efficacy, mechanisms, and safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00422

Patel, A. P., Wang, M., Kartoun, U., Ng, K., & Khera, A. V. (2021). Quantifying and understanding the higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among South Asian individuals. Circulation, 144(6), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.052430

Pursnani, S., & Merchant, M. (2020). South Asian ethnicity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis, 315, 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.007

Cainzos-Achirica, M., Vela, E., Cleries, M., Bilal, U., Mauri, J., Pueyo, M. J., Rosas, A., Enjuanes, C., Blaha, M. J., Kanaya, A. M., & Comin-Colet, J. (2019). Cardiovascular risk factors and disease among non-European immigrants living in Catalonia. Heart, 105(15), 1168-1174. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314436

Kianoush, S., Rifai, M. A., Jain, V., Samad, Z., Rana, J., Dodani, S., Jia, X., Lee, M., Khan, S. U., Gupta, K., Lavie, C. J., Wong, S. S., Palla, A. H., & Virani, S. (2023). Prevalence and predictors of premature coronary heart disease among asians in the United States: A national health interview survey study. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(7), 101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101152

World Health Organization. (2023). Obesity and overweight fact sheet. WHO Media Cent. 2023.

Carbone, S., Canada, J. M., Billingsley, H. E., Siddiqui, M. S., Elagizi, A., & Lavie, C. J. (2019). Obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand? Vascular health and risk management. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 15, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s168946

Ormazabal, V., Nair, S., Elfeky, O., Aguayo, C., Salomon, C., & Zuñiga, F. A. (2018). Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4

Blüher, M. (2020). Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocrine Reviews, 41(3). https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa004

Neeland, I. J., Ross, R., Després, J., Matsuzawa, Y., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., Griffin, B., Zambon, A., Barter, P., Fruchart, J., & Eckel, R. H. (2019). Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: A position statement. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 7(9), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30084-1

Tatsukawa, Y., Misumi, M., Kim, Y. M., Yamada, M., Ohishi, W., Fujiwara, S., Nakanishi, S., & Yoneda, M. (2018). Body composition and development of diabetes: a 15-year follow-up study in a Japanese population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0077-7

Liao, P., Lin, T., Ting, M., Peng, T., Chiou, W., Chen, L., & Hsu, K. (2018). Chest width, waist circumference, and thigh circumference are predictors of dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(8), 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4887

Latheef, S., Subramanyam, G., & Reddy, B. M. (2018). Utility of anthropometric traits and indices in predicting the risk of coronary artery disease in the adult men of southern Andhra Pradesh. Indian Heart Journal, 70, S133-S139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.07.016

Heitmann, B. L., & Frederiksen, P. (2009). Thigh circumference and risk of heart disease and premature death: Prospective cohort study. BMJ, 339(sep03 2), b3292-b3292. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3292

Laghari, Z. A., Baloch, F. G., Samo, A. A., Baig, N. M., Memon, A., & Bhatti, U. (2019). Correlation of thigh circumference with various anthropometric indices and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Pakistan Journal of Physiology, 15(3), 39-42. https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v15i3.1096

Chen, C., Liu, L., Huang, J., Yu, Y., Shen, G., Lo, K., Huang, Y., & Feng, Y. (2020). Thigh Circumference and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality: A Cohort Study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1977-1987. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s264435

Abreo, A., Bailey, S., & Abreo, K. (2021). Associations between calf, thigh, and arm circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in NHANES 1999-2004. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31(5), 1410–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.011