The Rising Impact of Endometritis on Infertility in Cattle and Other Large Ruminants

Gul Zahra Khan; Nida Hanif; Syeda Umm E Farwa Kazmi; Maaz Noor; Muhammad Ali; Ghulam Murtaza Awan; Khalil Ur Rahman; Umair Ahmed; Hafiz Munsif Alam; Muhammad Shahbaz

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1170

Authors

Gul Zahra Khan Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Nida Hanif Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
Syeda Umm E Farwa Kazmi Wildlife, Fisheries and Zoology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Maaz Noor Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.
Muhammad Ali Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Ghulam Murtaza Awan Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
Khalil Ur Rahman Department of Chemistry, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Umair Ahmed Department of Veterinary Surgery and Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Hafiz Munsif Alam Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Muhammad Shahbaz Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (FV&AS), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.1170

Keywords:

Endometritis, Infertility, Large Ruminants, Reproductive Health, Fertility Management, Uterine Microbiome, Veterinary Treatments

Abstract

Endometritis is a significant cause of infertility in large ruminants, particularly in dairy cattle, leading to substantial economic losses in livestock farming. The condition, which is primarily caused by bacterial infections, retained placenta, and hormonal imbalances, disrupts reproductive health, resulting in prolonged calving intervals, reduced conception rates, and lower milk production. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on endometritis, exploring its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management strategies, and the impact on fertility. The review will also address emerging trends in the field, including molecular diagnostics, the role of the uterine microbiome, and the potential for vaccines and alternative therapies. Through a thorough analysis of the literature, the review identifies several key gaps in the understanding of endometritis, particularly regarding the molecular mechanisms behind bacterial infections and immune responses, as well as the broader microbial dynamics in the uterus. Furthermore, it highlights the need for more research on the economic impact of endometritis on herd productivity and sustainable management practices. The findings suggest that early diagnosis and timely intervention, along with improved farm management practices, such as better hygiene and nutrition, are essential for reducing the incidence of endometritis and improving fertility outcomes. It will also emphasize the role of precision livestock farming in the early detection and management of uterine infections. The review will conclude by recommending future research directions, including studies on the genetic and microbial factors contributing to susceptibility to endometritis, and exploring the development of alternative treatments that reduce reliance on antibiotics. These advancements are expected to contribute to more sustainable livestock farming practices and improved reproductive efficiency in large ruminants.

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