Bleeding in Early Pregnancy Various Ways of Presentation and Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Early pregnancy bleeding is a frequent yet upsetting clinical presentation that can be a sign of a number of problems, from benign causes to potentially fatal consequences. If not assessed and treated very away, it can have a serious negative impact on the health of the mother and the fetus. Objective: Assessing the various clinical signs, underlying causes, and maternal-fetal outcomes of early pregnancy bleeding in women who present to a tertiary care hospital was the aim of this study. Methodology: This qualitative study was carried out at a Quetta tertiary care hospital's obstetrics and gynecology department from Jan 2025 to May 2025. Random sampling was used to choose 170 pregnant women who had vaginal bleeding and were up to 20 weeks along in their pregnancy. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data, which were then thematically examined to find important clinical trends and results. Results: Incomplete miscarriage (17.6%) missed abortion (11.8%), ectopic pregnancy (14.7%), molar pregnancy (11.8%), and threatening miscarriage (44.1%) were the most frequent diagnoses. Clinical manifestations varied from minor bleeding and spotting to bleeding accompanied by tissue passing and abdominal pain. Preterm delivery (17.6%), intrauterine growth restriction (8.8%), stillbirth (2.9%), and miscarriage (29.4%) were among the unfavorable results, even though 41.2% of pregnancies ended without any problems. Conclusion: Unfavorable outcomes for both the mother and the fetus are significantly predicted by early pregnancy hemorrhage. The prognosis can be improved by prompt diagnosis by clinical evaluation, ultrasonography, and β-hCG monitoring, as well as prompt treatments. In order to reduce anxiety and guarantee the best possible care, the study highlights the significance of early evaluation and patient counseling.