Frequency of Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients of Essential Hypertension

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is a frequently underdiagnosed cardiac complication in patients with essential hypertension. Early identification of LVDD is crucial for preventing progression to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Objective: To determine the frequency of diastolic dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension and assess the association of LVDD with demographic and clinical risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, NICVD, Karachi, from March 9, 2025, to June 15, 2025. A total of 166 patients aged 25–80 years with a history of essential hypertension for more than two months and currently on treatment were included via non-probability consecutive sampling. Results: Among 166 hypertensive patients, the frequency of LVDD was 28.3% (n = 47). Diastolic dysfunction was significantly associated with age ≥ 60 years (adjusted OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.01–4.44; p = 0.047) and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (adjusted OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.08–5.04; p = 0.03). Although higher prevalence was observed in diabetics and smokers, these associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: It is concluded that LVDD is a common subclinical complication among patients with essential hypertension, particularly in those who are older or obese. Routine echocardiographic screening should be considered for early detection and risk stratification, enabling timely interventions to prevent adverse cardiac outcomes.