Frequency of Depression in Females with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Impact on Their Quality of Life

Authors

  • Memoona Kashaf Department of Gynae & Obs, JPMC, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Nighat Ali Shah Department of Gynae & Obs, JPMC, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Aisha Shahid Department of Gynae & Obs, JPMC, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Fatima Nasir Department of Gynae & Obs, JPMC, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Meena Deep Khialani Department of Gynae & Obs, JPMC, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Aisha Khanum Department of Gynae & Obs, Medicare Hospital, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i7.2261

Keywords:

Depression in female, heavy menstrual bleeding, quality of life, HMB, QoL

Abstract

Objective: To determine the frequency of depression in females with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and its impact on their quality of life (QoL). Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, over a period of four months from March, 2025 to June, 2025. Methodology: Ninety-five women aged 18–45 years with HMB were enrolled through non-probability consecutive sampling. HMB was diagnosed based on clinical criteria including bleeding for more than 7 days, pad change every 2 hours, and presence of clots. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and QOL was evaluated using the PERIOD-QOL scale. Depression was stratified by age, BMI, duration of HMB, employment, and marital status. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Results: Depression was found in 47 (49.5%) patients. Among them, 22 (23.2%) had mild, 16 (16.8%) moderate, and 9 (9.5%) severe depression. The mean PHQ-9 score in depressed patients was 10.3 ± 4.2. The mean PERIOD-QOL score was significantly lower in depressed individuals (21.6 ± 6.5) compared to non-depressed participants (34.2 ± 5.8), with p < 0.001. Depression was significantly associated with higher BMI (p = 0.03) and longer duration of HMB (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Depression is highly prevalent among females with heavy menstrual bleeding and is significantly associated with poorer quality of life. Routine screening for depression and multidisciplinary management in gynecological care is essential for improving patient outcomes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Rodriguez, M. B., Dias, S., Jordan, V., Lethaby, A., Lensen, S. F., Wise, M. R., Wilkinson, J., Brown, J., & Farquhar, C. (2022). Interventions for heavy menstrual bleeding; overview of Cochrane reviews and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023(2).

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013180.pub2

2. Kocaoz, S., Cirpan, R., & Degirmencioglu, A. Z. (2019). The prevalence and impacts heavy menstrual bleeding on anemia, fatigue and quality of life in women of reproductive age. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(2).

https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.644

3. Uzoigwe SA, Marzouk T, Oyibo SO. Menstrual disorders in adult women: Prevalence, predictors and impact on health-related quality of life. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;153(3):512–9.

4. Khan A, Rasheed A, Ashfaq S, Iqbal R. Frequency of heavy menstrual bleeding and its effects among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(8):1361–5.

5. Chopek A, Pike M, Young NL, Usuba K, Belletrutti MJ, McLaughlin R, et al. Depression and quality of life in adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2020;33(2):137–43.

6. Weyand, A. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., McGrath, M., Gupta, V., Braun, T. M., Quint, E. H., & Choi, S. W. (2022). Depression in female adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding. The Journal of Pediatrics, 240, 171-176.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.09.007

7. McGrath, M., Quint, E. H., & Weyand, A. C. (2021). Depression in adolescents and young adults with heavy menstrual bleeding in a referral clinic setting. American Journal of Hematology, 96(4).

https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26093

8. Mariappen, U., Chew, K. T., Zainuddin, A. A., Mahdy, Z. A., Abdul Ghani, N. A., & Grover, S. (2022). Quality of life of adolescents with menstrual problems in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A school population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 12(1), e051896.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051896

9. Wood B, Hale G, Driscoll H, Lancastle D. Development and validation of a brief quality of life questionnaire for women with heavy menstrual bleeding: The PERIOD-QOL. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;254:138–44.

10. Lee, H. N., Ju, H. R., Seo, J. M., Um, G. S., & Kim, M. J. (2021). Clinical factors associated with anxiety and depression in Korean women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 48(2).

https://doi.org/10.31083/j.ceog.2021.02.2329

11. Nazari M, Salehi A, Kiani F, Khademolhosseini S. Association between menstrual disorders and depression: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):557.

12. Borghi C, Tullio V, Panza G, Busacchi P, Valente S. Menstrual disorders and quality of life in adolescents: What impact? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4621.

Downloads

Published

2025-07-15

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 7 (2025): Indus Journal of Bioscience Research

Section

Original Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Bioscience Research

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Kashaf, M., Shah, N. A., Shahid, A., Nasir, F., Khialani, M. D., & Khanum, A. (2025). Frequency of Depression in Females with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Its Impact on Their Quality of Life. Indus Journal of Bioscience Research, 3(7), 928-930. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i7.2261