Effect of Different Fencing Regimes on Community Structure of Perennial Plant Species in Cholistan Desert, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.513Keywords:
Fencing Regimes, Community Structure, Perennial Plant and CholistanAbstract
The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of different fencing regimes on a community structure of perennial plant species in Cholistan desert. Major sites include Derawar Fort (Biodiversity Park IUB), Mauj Garh Fort (Livestock Farm) And Lal Suhanra National Park (Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Conservation and Breeding Center). In each site, thirty-three quadrats measuring 10 x 10 m2 are laid out at random i-e., eleven quadrats at each sub sites (sand dune, inter dune and clayey land). During the study the parameter which we covered are density, relative density, relative frequency, cover, relative cover, importance value index and diversity index. After the completion of the study 31 families and 57 species are reported in all three sites. Ochthochloa compressa, Suaeda fruticose and Lasiurus scindicus showed very high values of relative density, relative frequency, relative cover and importance value. Cenchrus ciliaris, Cymbopogon jwarancusa followed by Haloxylon salicarnicum have moderate while Ziziphus nummularia, Salvadora oleiodes, Aristida hystricula, Calotropis procera and Heliotropium crispum have very low values of phytosociology parameters. The average of Diversity index of all species are found at all three sites was (0.8009822). Overall selected three sites play an important role in the conservation of many native species of desert that are otherwise facing multiple biotic abiotic and anthropogenic factors.
Downloads
References
Abar, S. H. (1996). The perceived influences that prompt teachers to initiate changes in curriculum and instruction. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Abdullah, M., Rafay, M., Farooq Azhar, M., & Yousaf, M. M. (2021). Ecology, Ethnobotany, and Conservation Status of Browse Vegetation from Cholistan Rangelands of Pakistan. Journal of Rangeland Science, 11(3), 357-373.
ABDULLAH, M., RAFAY, M., RASHEED, F., AHMAD, M., KAMRAN, Z., AZHAR, M., AKRAM, M., IHSAN, M., ALI, L., & AHMAD, T. (2020). Phytosociological assessment of browsing vegetation in association with edaphic factors in the cholistan rangelands of Pakistan. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(6), 7813-7827. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1806_78137827
Abdullah, N., & Sulaim, F. (2013). The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. Biomass Now - Sustainable Growth and Use. https://doi.org/10.5772/55302
Afza, R., Ahmad, H. A. B. I. B., Saqib, Z., Marwat, K. B., & Khan, J. A. W. A. D. (2018). Spatial analysis of vascular flora of ayubia national park, KPK, Pakistan: a classical example of moist temperate himalaya. Pak. J. Bot, 50(4), 1499-1508.
Agha, Q., Asrar, M., Leghari, S. K., & Somalani, M. A. (2020). Algae, soil fertility and physicochemical properties in agricultural fields of Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.30848/pjb2020-4(35)
Ahlström, A., Raupach, M. R., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., Arneth, A., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Poulter, B., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Viovy, N., Wang, Y. P., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., & Zeng, N. (2015). The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO 2 sink. Science, 348(6237), 895-899. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1668
Ahmad, S., Alam, K., Wariss, H. M., Anjum, S., & Mukhtar, M. (2014). Ethnobotanical studies of plant resources of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Int J Sci Res, 3(6), 1782-1788.
Ahmad, A. S., Ansari, M. A., Ahmad, M., Saleem, S., Yousuf, S., Hoda, M. N., & Islam, F. (2005). Neuroprotection by crocetin in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 81(4), 805-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2005.06.007
Ahmed, M. B., Zhou, J. L., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., & Chen, M. (2016). Progress in the preparation and application of modified biochar for improved contaminant removal from water and wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 214, 836-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.057
Akhter, R., & Arshad, M. (2006). Arid rangelands in the Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse, 17(1), 210-217.
Akram, M., & Abdullah, M. (1990). Wind erosion and sand dune stabilization in the Cholistan desert. In Soil physics-application under stress environments. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Soil Physics in Stress Environments, 22-26 January 1989, Isalamabad, Pakistan. (pp. 323-334). Pakistan Agricultural Research Council.
Akram, M., Ashraf, M. Y., Waraich, E. A., Hussain, M., Hussain, N., & Mallahi, A. R. (2010). Performance of autumn planted maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids at various nitrogen levels under salt affected soils. Soil in the Environment, 29(1), 23-32.
Albaladejo, J., Ortiz, R., Garcia-Franco, N., Navarro, A. R., Almagro, M., Pintado, J. G., & Martínez-Mena, M. (2012). Land use and climate change impacts on soil organic carbon stocks in semi-arid Spain. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 13(2), 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0617-7
Ali, S. G., Rab, A., Khan, N. U., & Nawab, K. (2011). Enhanced proline synthesis may determine resistance to salt stress in tomato cultivars. Pak. J. Bot, 43(6), 2707-2710.
Ali, M., & Sreekrishnan, T. (2001). Aquatic toxicity from pulp and paper mill effluents: A review. Advances in Environmental Research, 5(2), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1093-0191(00)00055-1
Aliyu, G. A., Jamil, N. R. B., Adam, M. B., & Zulkeflee, Z. (2019). Assessment of Guinea Savanna River system to evaluate water quality and water monitoring networks. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 5(3), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2019.03.07
Alvi, A. S., & Sharif, M. (1995). Arid zone agriculture and research in Pakistan. Progressive Farming, 15.
Amin, A., & Ashfaque, R. M. (1982). Phytosociological studies of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi. Pakistan Journal of Forestry/˜the œPakistan Journal of Forestry, 32(4), 130-135.
Andrew, D. R., Fitak, R. R., Munguia-Vega, A., Racolta, A., Martinson, V. G., & Dontsova, K. (2012). Abiotic factors shape microbial diversity in Sonoran Desert soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(21), 7527-7537. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01459-12
Arshad, M. U., Anjum, F. M., & Zahoor, T. (2007). Nutritional assessment of cookies supplemented with defatted wheat germ. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.04.040
Arshad, M., & Rao, A. U. R. (1994). Flora of Cholistan Desert (Systematic list of trees, shrubs and herbs). Journal of economic and taxonomic botany, 18, 615-625.
Arshad, M., Akbar, G., & Rao, A. R. (2000, January). Current trends in protected areas research-a case study of Cholistan desert Pakistan. In Proceedings of 1st International Symposium and Workshop on "Arid zone environments-Research and management options for protected areas", Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Abu Dhabi, UAE (pp. 23-25).
Arshad, M., Akbar, G., & Rashid, S. (2002). Wealth of medicinal plants of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Hamdard Medicus.
Arshad, M., Ashraf, M. Y., Ahmad, M., & Zaman, F. (2007). Morpho-genetic variability potential of Cenchrus ciliaris L., from Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 39(5), 1481-1488. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/39(5)/PJB39(5)1481.pdf
Arshad, M., Hassan, A., Ashraf, M. Y., Noureen, S., & Moazzam, M. (2008). Edaphic factors and distribution of vegetation in the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 40(5), 1923-1931.
Arshad, M., Rao, A., & Akbar, G. (1995). Cholistan Desert in a state of flux. Desertification Control, 26, 55-58.
ARSHAD, M., SHAHAROONA, B., & MAHMOOD, T. (2008). Inoculation with Pseudomonas spp. Containing ACC-Deaminase Partially Eliminates the Effects of Drought Stress on Growth, Yield, and Ripening of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pedosphere, 18(5), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(08)60055-7
Arshad, S. H. (2003). Primary prevention of asthma and atopy during childhood by allergen avoidance in infancy: a randomised controlled study. Thorax, 58(6), 489-493. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.6.489
Arshad, M., & Akbar, G. (2002). Benchmark of plant communities of Cholistan desert. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(10), 1110-1113. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2002.1110.1113
Arshad, M., & Martin, S. (2002). Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(01)00252-3
Arshid Pervez, A. P., Shagufta Shahbaz, S. S., Shah, M. M., Qaisar Mahmood, Q. M., & Nosheen Mirza, N. M. (2009). Assessing bioaccumulation of heavy metals in sporocarp of Pleurotus ostreatus. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(12), 1498-1503. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20103090339
Arzani, A. (2008). Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: A biotechnological view. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 44(5), 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-008-9157-7
Ashraf, M., Hameed, M., Arshad, M., Ashraf, Y., & Akhtar, K. (2008). Salt tolerance of some potential forage grasses from Cholistan desert of Pakistan. In Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants (pp. 31-54).
Atkinson, N. J., & Urwin, P. E. (2012). The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: From genes to the field. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(10), 3523-3543. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers100
Attaullah, N. K., & Muhammad, Z. (2016). Tree communities analysis of Sheikh Buddin National Park, district Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Science, Technology and Development, 35(2), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3923/std.2016.67.74
Baig, K. J., Masroor, R., & Arshad, M. (2008). Biodiversity and ecology of the herpetofaunaof Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15(3), 193-205. https://lacerta.de/AF/Bibliografie/BIB_6590.pdf
Baig, M. M. A. (1975). The effect of mixer speed, temperature, and water absorption on flour-water mixogram characteristics (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University).
Bailey, D. W., Gross, J. E., Laca, E. A., Rittenhouse, L. R., Coughenour, M. B., Swift, D. M., & Sims, P. L. (1996). Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. Journal of Range Management, 49(5), 386. https://doi.org/10.2307/4002919
Bailey-Serres, J., & Voesenek, L. A. C. J. (2008). Flooding Stress: Acclimations and Genetic Diversity. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 313-339. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092752
Bakouch, H. S., Chesneau, C., & Abdullah, R. I. (2022). A pliant parametric detection model for line transect data sampling. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 51(21), 7340-7353.
Beenish Malik, B. M., Rabail Urooj, R. U., Mohammad Nawaz, M. N., Ahmad, S. S., & Abdul Wahid, A. W. (2013). An appraisal of ecological distribution of herbaceous flora at Gatwala Forest Park Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Cavanagh, C., Morell, M., Mackay, I., & Powell, W. (2008). From mutations to MAGIC: Resources for gene discovery, validation and delivery in crop plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11(2), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2008.01.002
Chaudhary, V. K., FitzGerald, D. J., Adhya, S., & Pastan, I. (1987). Activity of a recombinant fusion protein between transforming growth factor type Alpha and pseudomonas toxin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(13), 4538-4542. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.13.4538
Chaudhry, M. S., Batool, Z., & Khan, A. G. (2005). Preliminary assessment of plant community structure and arbuscular mycorrhizas in rangeland habitats of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Mycorrhiza, 15(8), 606-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0002-0
Chen, Y., Shen, T., Van Chung, H., Shi, S., Jiang, J., Condit, R., & Hubbell, S. P. (2019). Inferring multispecies distributional aggregation level from limited line transect?derived biodiversity data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(7), 1015-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13197
Chenchouni, H. (2017). Edaphic factors controlling the distribution of inland halophytes in an ephemeral Salt Lake "Sabkha ecosystem" at North African semi-arid lands. Science of The Total Environment, 575, 660-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.071
Cheng, Y., Kamijo, T., Tsubo, M., & Nakamura, T. (2013). Phytosociology of Hulunbeier grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia, China. Phytocoenologia, 43(1-2), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2013/0043-0540
Chookhampaeng, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content proline content and antioxidative enzymes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling. European Journal of Scientific Research, 49(1), 103-109.
Choukr-Allah, R. (1996). The potential of halophytes in the development and rehabilitation of arid and semi-arid zones. Halophytes and biosaline agriculture, 13.
Chu, H., Fierer, N., Lauber, C. L., Caporaso, J. G., Knight, R., & Grogan, P. (2010). Soil bacterial diversity in the Arctic is not fundamentally different from that found in other biomes. Environmental Microbiology, 12(11), 2998-3006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02277.x
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931034
Cunningham, C. W. (1997). Can three incongruence tests predict when data should be combined? Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14(7), 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025813
De Azevedo Neto, A. D., Prisco, J. T., Enéas-Filho, J., Abreu, C. E., & Gomes-Filho, E. (2006). Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.008
Dobson, A. P., Rodriguez, J. P., Roberts, W. M., & Wilcove, D. S. (1997). Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science, 275(5299), 550-553. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5299.550
EL-GHONEMY, A. A., WALLACE, A., & ROMNEY, E. M. (1978). Nutrient concentrations in the natural vegetation of the mojave desert. Soil Science, 126(4), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197810000-00004
Fatima, S., Hameed, M., Naz, N., Shah, S. M., Naseer, M., Ahmad, M. S., Ashraf, M., Ahmad, F., Khalil, S., & Ahmad, I. (2021). Survival strategies in Khavi grass [Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult.] colonizing hot Hypersaline and arid environments. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05050-1
Flowers, T. J., Garcia, A., Koyama, M., & Yeo, A. R. (1997). Breeding for salt tolerance in crop plants - the role of molecular biology. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 19(4), 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-997-0039-0
Garcia-Franco, N., Hobley, E., Hübner, R., & Wiesmeier, M. (2018). Climate-smart soil management in Semiarid regions. Soil Management and Climate Change, 349-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812128-3.00023-9
Gill, A. H., Ahmad, K. S., Habib, S., Hameed, M., Ahmad, Nawaz, T., Ahmad, F., & Riffat Batool. (2012). Impact of highly saline wetland ecosystem on floral diversity of the cholistan desert. Pak. J. Bot, 44, 107-112.
Glowka, L., Burhenne-Guilmin, F., Synge, H., McNeely, J. A., & Gündling, L. (2000). A guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Arabic version). https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/frdc0q
Gorham, D. A., Pope, P. H., & Field, J. E. (1992). An improved method for compressive stress-strain measurements at very high strain rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 438(1902), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1992.0099
Güray, U. Y. A. R., Muhammet, Ö. R. E. N., & ALATA?, M. (2020). The bryophyte flora of Akyaz?, Arifiye, Geyve, Karapürçek districts (Sakarya, Turkey). Biyolojik Çe?itlilik ve Koruma, 13(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2020.731878
Haider, T., Ashraf, A., & Masud, A. (2009). PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF STATE OF EXISTING VEGETATION IN RESERVED FOREST, COMPARTMENT 20 OF MARGALLAH HILLS NATIONAL PARK. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 59(2), 52. https://www.pfi.gov.pk/control_panel/pdf/075922009._Phytosociological_analysis_of_estate_by_Tanveer_Haider_(revised)_(S.No.252)1.pdf
Hameed, M., Ashraf, M., Al-Quriany, F., Nawaz, T., Ahmad, M. S. A., Younis, A., & Naz, N. (2011). Medicinal flora of the Cholistan desert: a review. Pak. J. Bot, 43(2), 39-50. https://pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(SI)/07.pdf
Hameed, M., Naz, N., Ashraf, M., Aqeel Ahmad, M. S., Nawaz, T., & Chaudhry, A. A. (2012). Impact of fencing on the conservation of wildlife habitat in a sub-mountainous open scrub forest. Acta Oecologica, 45, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.08.003
Hanc?, V., Erol, B., Bekta?, S., Mungan, G., Yurtlu, S., Tokgöz, H., Can, M., & Özkoçak Turan, I. (2010). Effect of Dexmedetomidine on testicular torsion/Detorsion damage in rats. Urologia Internationalis, 84(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1159/000273476
Haq, S. M., Yaqoob, U., & Qazi, H. (2020). Forest communities and factors responsible for vegetation pattern in the legally protected areas of the Kashmir Himalaya, India. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-27538/v1
Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Alam, M. M., Bhowmik, P. C., Hossain, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Prasad, M. N., Ozturk, M., & Fujita, M. (2014). Potential use of halophytes to remediate saline soils. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/589341
Hayward, M. W., & Kerley, G. I. (2009). Fencing for conservation: Restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes? Biological Conservation, 142(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.022
Heim, R. R., & Brewer, M. J. (2012). The global drought monitor Portal: The foundation for a global drought information system. Earth Interactions, 16(15), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1175/2012ei000446.1
Heslehurst, M., & Wilson, G. (1971). Studies on the productivity of tropical pasture plants. III.* stand structure, light penetration, and photosynthesis in field swards of Setaria and green leaf desmodium. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 22(6), 865. https://doi.org/10.1071/ar9710865
Hillel, D. (2008). Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Soil in the Environment, 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-348536-6.50016-2
Hobley, E. U., & Wilson, B. (2016). The depth distribution of organic carbon in the soils of eastern Australia. Ecosphere, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1214
Hui, P., Tang, J., Wang, S., Niu, X., Zong, P., & Dong, X. (2018). Climate change projections over China using regional climate models forced by two CMIP5 global models. Part II: Projections of future climate. International Journal of Climatology, 38(S1). https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5409
HUNTER, G. K., HAUSCHKA, P. V., POOLE, R. A., ROSENBERG, L. C., & GOLDBERG, H. A. (1996). Nucleation and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by mineralized tissue proteins. Biochemical Journal, 317(1), 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3170059
Hussain, A., Ahmed, M., Akbar, M., Zafar, M. U., Nazim, K., & Khan, M. (2011). QUANTITATIVE COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION FROM CENTRAL KARAKORAM NATIONAL PARK (CKNP), GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN. FUUAST Journal of Biology, 1(2), 135.
Hussain, A., Farooq, A., Ahmad, M., Akbar, M., & Zafar, M. U. (2010). Phytosociology and Structure of Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) of Northern Areas of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 9(12), 1443-1449.
Hussain, F., Ilyas, M., & Takatsuki, S. (1997). Plant communities of Girbanr Hills,Swat District,northwestern Pakistan. Seitaigaku Kenkyu, 23(4), 247-260.
Hussain, M. I., & Perveen, A. (2009). PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF TIKO BARAN (KHIRTHAR RANGE). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(2), 581-586.
Iqbal, H., Yaning, C., Waqas, M., Shareef, M., & Raza, S. T. (2018). Differential response of quinoa genotypes to drought and foliage-applied H2O2 in relation to oxidative damage, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 164, 344-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.004
Ismail, I. M. (2020). Changes in Ecological Parameter of Woody Vegetation along Altitudinal Gradient in Jebel ElDair, North Kordofan, Sudan. Forest Research Open Access, 9(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.228
ISMAIL, I. M. (2020). Phytosociology and Biodiversity Indices of the Woody plants of Alfula Area, West Kordofan, Sudan. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 4(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3837661
Jabeen, A., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., & Ahmad, F. (2009). Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. AFRICAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY, 8(5), 763-784. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2009.000-9129
Jackson, L. W. (1967). Effect of shade on leaf structure of deciduous tree species. Ecology, 48(3), 498-499. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932686
Jamil, S., Pirzad, A., Alam, M. K., & Waris, H. M. (2013). Seed morphometry of some grasses and sedges from Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Archives Des Sciences, 66(1).
Kelly, J. F., Dow, S. J., Yeterian, J. D., & Myers, M. (2011). How safe are adolescents at Alcoholics Anonymous and narcotics Anonymous meetings? A prospective investigation with outpatient youth. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(4), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.01.004
KERLEY, G. I., & WHITFORD, W. G. (2000). Impact of grazing and desertification in the Chihuahuan desert: Plant communities, granivores and Granivory. The American Midland Naturalist, 144(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0078:iogadi]2.0.co;2
Khan, A. A., Chaudhry, M. S., & Aziz, S. (2004). Natural resource diversity in Cholistan Desert (Pakistan) and possible conservational measures. J. Pure App. Sci, 23(1), 25-47.
Khan, A. A., Chaudhry, M. S., & Aziz, S. (2004). Natural resource diversity in Cholistan Desert (Pakistan) and possible conservational measures. J. Pure App. Sci, 23(1), 25-47.
KHAN, A. A., CHAUDHRY, M. S., & SHAFQAT, A. Impact of climate and grazing on the vegetation of some selected rangelands of Cholistan desert, Pakistan-An ecological analysis.
Khan, F. M. (2009). Ethno-veterinary medicinal usage of flora of Greater Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29(2), 75-80.
Kim, J. W., Kim, S. Y., & Choi, B. K. (2019). Alpine Vegetation on the Paekdu-San (Changbaishan) Summit of the North-east China. Journal of Plant Biology, 62(6), 436-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-019-0305-x
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., & Rubel, F. (2006). World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263.
Lal, R. (2004). Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security. Science, 304(5677), 1623-1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396
Leopold, A. S. (1963). Wildlife management in the national parks. US National Park Service.
Li, J., Heap, A. D., Potter, A., & Daniell, J. J. (2011). Application of machine learning methods to spatial interpolation of environmental variables. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(12), 1647-1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.004
Li, X. R., Kong, D. S., Tan, H. J., & Wang, X. P. (2007). Changes in soil and vegetation following stabilisation of dunes in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger desert, China. Plant and Soil, 300(1-2), 221-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9407-1
Lloyd, R. M. (1967). Oxygen-18 composition of oceanic sulfate. Science, 156(3779), 1228-1231. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3779.1228
López-Pujol, J., Zhang, F., & Ge, S. (2006). Plant biodiversity in China: Richly varied, endangered, and in need of conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(12), 3983-4026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-3015-2
Mahajan, M., & Fatima, S. (2017). Frequency, abundance, and density of plant species by list count quadrat method. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(7), 1-8. https://www.epitomejournals.com/VolumeArticles/FullTextPDF/274_Research_Paper.pdf
Mazhar, F., Buckles, D., Satheesh, P. V., & Akhter, F. (2007). Food sovereignty and uncultivated biodiversity in South Asia: Essays on the poverty of food policy and the wealth of the social landscape. Academic Foundation. https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/124702dc-fc0c-43e3-8dc3-772e94bc5bf8/content
McCullough, B., & Heiser, D. A. (2008). On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 52(10), 4570-4578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004
McIntyre, S., & Hobbs, R. (1999). A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models. Conservation Biology, 13(6), 1282-1292. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97509.x
Mehrabian, A., Naqinezhad, A., Mahiny, A. S., Mostafavi, H., Liaghati, H., & Kouchekzadeh, M. (2009). Vegetation mapping of the Mond protected area of Bushehr province (south?west Iran). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 51(3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00712.x
Mohsin, M., Safdar, S., Nasar-u-Minallah, M., & Rehman, A. (2019). Monitoring of physiochemical quality of drinking water in selected areas of Bahawalpur City, Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 14(6), 186-196.
Moodie, R. B., Connor, T. M., & Stewart, R. (1959). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of triaryl carbonium ions. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 37(9), 1402-1408. https://doi.org/10.1139/v59-205
Muhammad Rafay, M. R., Muhammad Abdullah, M. A., Tanveer Hussain, T. H., Farrakh Nawaz, F. N., Tahira Ruby, T. R., & Muhammad Akram, M. A. (2015). An assessment of edaphic factors and grass diversity in Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Pak. J. Agric. Sci, 52, 755-765. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153370290
Muhammad, Z., Shah, S., & Shafiq, M. (2010). Ecological surveys of certain plant communities around urban areas of Karachi. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i2.55532
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Nadiem, I. H. (2009). Cholistan to Bahawalpur: Physiography, Past, People and Places. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
Nasrullah Khan, N. K., Moinuddin Ahmed, M. A., Ajaz Ahmed, A. A., Shaukat, S. S., Muhammad Wahab, M. W., Muhammad Ajaib, M. A., ... & Muhammad Nasir, M. N. (2011). Important medicinal plants of Chitral Gol National Park (CGNP) Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 43(2), 797-809.
Nawaz, K., Hussain, K., Majeed, A., Khan, F., Afghan, S., & Ali, K. (2010). Fatality of salt stress to plants: Morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(34). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/92097
Naz, N., Hameed, M., Ashraf, M., Arshad, M., & Ahmad. (2010). IMPACT OF SALINITY ON SPECIES ASSOCIATION AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF HALOPHYTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE CHOLISTAN DESERT, PAKISTAN. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(4), 2359-2367.
Naz, N., Rafique, T., Hameed, M., Ashraf, M., Batool, R., & Fatima, S. (2014). Morpho-anatomical and physiological attributes for salt tolerance in sewan grass (Lasiurus scindicus Henr.) from Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 36(11), 2959-2974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1668-8
Nisar, F. (2013). Composition of understory vegetation in tree species of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 5(10), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.5897/jene11.010
Nisar, M. F., Farrukh Jaleel, F., Toor, Y., Ismail, S., Arfan, M., Haider, S. M., & Bashir, R. (2013). Composition of understory vegetation in major shrub species of Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. World Appl. Sci. J, 28, 629-635.
Norton, B. G. (1994). Toward unity among environmentalists. Oxford University Press.
Noss, R. F., Noss, R. F., & Cooperrider, A. (1994). Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press.
Noureen, S., Arshad, M., Mahmood, K., & Ashraf, M. Y. (2008). Improvement in fertility of nutritionally poor sandy soil of Cholistan desert, Pakistan by Calligonum polygonoides Linn. Pak. J. Bot, 40(1), 265-274. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/40(1)/PJB40(1)265.pdf
Noy-Meir, I. (1973). Desert ecosystems: Environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000325
Okigbo, R. N., Eme, U. E., & Ogbogu, S. (2008). Biodiversity and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Africa. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 3(6), 127-134.
Olsen, W. K., Haralambos, M., & Holborn, M. (2004). Triangulation in Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Can Really Be Mixed. In Developments in sociology. Causeway Press Ltd.
Oshunsanya, S. O., Li, Y., & Yu, H. (2019). Vetiver grass hedgerows significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses from fertilized sloping lands. Science of The Total Environment, 661, 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.129
Otsyina, J. A., & Rosenberg, D. B. (1997). Participation and the communication of development information: A review and reappraisal. Information Development, 13(2), 89-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666974238465
Peer, T., Gartner, U., & Badshah, L. (2019). Morphological studies of the subgenus Seriphidium (Besser) Rouy of artemisia L. in Balochistan (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 52(2). https://doi.org/10.30848/pjb2020-2(44)
Peinado, M., Macías, M. Á., Delgadillo, J., & Aguirre, J. L. (2006). Major plant communities of North America's most arid region: The San Felipe desert, Baja California, Mexico. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 140(3), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500600947715
Pérez, C. A., & Frangi, J. L. (2000). Grassland biomass dynamics along an altitudinal gradient in the Pampa. Journal of Range Management, 53(5). https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_jrm_v53i5_perez
Qureshi, R. (2008). Vegetation assessment of Sawan wari of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 40(5), 1885-1895. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d7958a4479b517eac7qJaPMT88TmpQJSp9dBGU1Z1bBcnb
Rafay, M., Abdullah, M., Hussain, T., Ruby, T., & Qureshi, R. (2016). Grass productivity and carrying capacity of the Cholistan desert rangelands. Pak. J. Bot, 48(6), 2385-2390. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot_01-02-23/PDFs/48(6)/24.pdf
Rahman, I.-U., Afzal, A., Abd_Allah, E. F., Iqbal, Z., Alqarawi, A. A., Hashem, A., Calixto, E. S., Ali, N., & Asmarayani, R. (2020). Composition of plant communities driven by environmental gradients in alpine pastures and cold desert of northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 53(2). https://doi.org/10.30848/pjb2021-2(35)
Rahman, M. M., & Lamsal, B. P. (2021). Ultrasound?assisted extraction and modification of plant?based proteins: Impact on physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(2), 1457-1480. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12709
Rajpar, I., Lashari, M. S., Brahman, S. K., Ali, M., Shah, Z., Mangan, B. N., & Shah, A. H. (2018). Salinity and drought stress tolerance of some plant species of Thar desert, Pakistan: implications in bio-saline agriculture. Pak. J. Bot, 50(2), 465-469. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot_01-02-23/papers/1518731965.pdf
Rao, M., Gault, N., & Kennedy, S. (1989). Variations in water-holding capacity due to changes in the fibre diameter, sarcomere length and connective tissue morphology of some beef muscles under acidic conditions below the ultimate pH. Meat Science, 26(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(89)90054-5
Rasheed, S., Khan, S. M., Ahmad, Z., Mustafa, G., Haq, Z. U., Shah, H., Ansari, L., & Jatt, T. (2021). Ecological assessment and indicator species analyses of the Cholistan desert using multivariate statistical tools. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.30848/pjb2022-2(24)
Rashid, F. L., Talib, S. M., Hadi, A., & Hashim, A. (2018, December). Novel of thermal energy storage and release: water/(SnO2-TaC) and water/(SnO2-SiC) nanofluids for environmental applications. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol. 454, No. 1, p. 012113). IOP Publishing.
Raza, G., Mirza, S. N., Akbar, M., Hussain, I., Ali, M., Hyder, S., ... & Ahmad, N. (2014). An assessment of surface features and vegetative cover in Alpine rangelands of CKNP Region, Pakistan. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci, 5, 274-279.
Reddy, C. S., Meena, S. L., Krishna, P. H., Charan, P. D., & Sharma, K. C. (2012). Conservation threat assessment of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari-an economically important species. Taiwania, 57(3), 288-293.
Redford, K. H., & Richter, B. D. (1999). Conservation of biodiversity in a world of use. Conservation Biology, 13(6), 1246-1256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97463.x
Rhoades, J. (1993). Electrical conductivity methods for measuring and mapping soil salinity. Advances in Agronomy, 201-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60795-6
RICHARDS, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 78(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012
Robinson, T. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p
Roche, A. F. (1992). Growth, maturation, and body composition: The Fels Longitudinal Study 1929-1991 (No. 9). Cambridge University Press.
Salisu, N., Bunza, M. D. A., Shehu, K., & Illo, Z. Z. (2021). Phytosocial diversity and distribution of herbaceous species in dryland ecosystem of Kebbi, North-western Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol, 15(7), 53-60.
Sanderson, S. E., & Redford, K. H. (1997). Biodiversity politics and the contest for ownership of the world's biota. Last stand: protected areas and the defense of tropical biodiversity. Oxford University Press, New York, 115-132.
Saqib, M., Zörb, C., & Schubert, S. (2006). Salt?resistant and salt?sensitive wheat genotypes show similar biochemical reaction at protein level in the first phase of salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169(4), 542-548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200520557
Sarir, M. S., & Durrani, M. I. (2006). Utilization of natural resources for increase crop production. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1(2), 216-218. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=aa26b6a11858447b9331c35d9aaaffec1d85528c
Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(3), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y
Schmid, P. (2022). Phytosociology, ecology and plant species diversity of grasslands within nature protection sites near Zurich (Switzerland). Palaearctic Grasslands - Journal of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group, 2022(52), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.21570/edgg.pg.52.28-43
Serag, M. S. (1996). Ecology and biomass ofPhragmites australis(Cav.) trin. Ex. Steud. in the north-eastern region of the Nile delta, Egypt. Écoscience, 3(4), 473-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1996.11682366
Shaltout, K., Sheded, M., El-Kady, H., & Al-Sodany, Y. (2003). Phytosociology and size structure of Nitraria retusa along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Journal of Arid Environments, 53(3), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1054
Shan, T., & Englot, B. (2018). LeGO-LOAM: Lightweight and ground-optimized LiDAR odometry and mapping on variable terrain. 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594299
Shinwari, M. I., & Khan, M. A. (2000). Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla hills National Park, Islamabad. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00135-x
Stephenson, S. L. (1986). Changes in a former chestnut-dominated forest after a half century of succession. American Midland Naturalist, 116(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2425949
Suzuki, N., Rivero, R. M., Shulaev, V., Blumwald, E., & Mittler, R. (2014). Abiotic and biotic stress combinations. New Phytologist, 203(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797
Szabolcs, I. (1994). Salt affected soils as the ecosystem for halophytes. Tasks for Vegetation Science, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0818-8_3
Taghipour, F., & Salehi, M. (2008). The study of salt tolerance of Iranian barley Hordeum vulgare L. genotypes in seedling growth stages. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 1(2), 53-58. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/biodicon/issue/55905/766147
Takacs, D. (1996). The idea of biodiversity: philosophies of paradise. https://philpapers.org/rec/TAKTIO
Teshome, D. T., Zharare, G. E., & Naidoo, S. (2020). The threat of the combined effect of biotic and abiotic stress factors in forestry under a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.601009
Venkataraman, K. (2009). India's Biodiversity Act 2002 and its role in conservation. Tropical Ecology, 50(1), 23.
von Wehrden, H. Vegetation mapping in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan National Park and the Great GobiB Strictly Protected Area-a comparison of first re-sults1. Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, 9, 225-236.
Von Wehrden, H., Wesche, K., & Tungalag, R. (2021). Plant communities of the great Gobi B strictly protected area, Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.22353/mjbs.2006.04.01
Wang, K., Franklin, S. E., Guo, X., & Cattet, M. (2010). Remote sensing of ecology, biodiversity and conservation: A review from the perspective of remote sensing specialists. Sensors, 10(11), 9647-9667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s101109647
Wariss, H. M., Ahmad, S., Anjum, S., & Alam, K. (2014). Ethnobotanical studies of dicotyledonous plants of Lal Suhanra national park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Int J Sci Res, 3(6), 2452-60.
Wariss, H. M., Mukhtar, M., Anjum, S., Bhatti, G. R., Pirzada, S. A., & Alam, K. (2013). Floristic Composition of the Plants of the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 04(12), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.412a1009
Wariss, H. M., Pirzada, S. A., Alam, K., Anjum, S. H. A. Z. I. A., & Qureshi, R. (2014). Flora of Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 46(4), 1331-1341.
Wariss, H. M., Wang, H., Ahmad, S., & Alam, K. (2015). Taxonomic studies of trees of the cholistan desert, Pakistan. JBES, 6(1), 1-8.
Wesche, K. N., Miehe, S., & Miehe, G. (2005). Plant communities of the Gobi Gurvan Sayhan National Park (South Gobi Aymak, Mongolia). Candollea, 60(1), 149. https://cdn.greensoft.mn/uploads/users/1277/files/Greenmongolia/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4/Mongolian_steppe_studies/Article_Gadaad_PDF/Plant%20communities%20of%20the%20Gobi%20Gurvan%20Sayhan%20National%20Park.pdf
Wicks, P., Vaughan, T. E., Massagli, M. P., & Heywood, J. (2011). Accelerated clinical discovery using self-reported patient data collected online and a patient-matching algorithm. Nature Biotechnology, 29(5), 411-414. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1837
Wilhite, D. A., & Glantz, M. H. (1985). Understanding: The drought phenomenon: The role of definitions. Water International, 10(3), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508068508686328
Witting, L., & Loeschcke, V. (1995). The optimization of biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 71(2), 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00041-n
Yavari, A., & Shahgolzari, S. M. (2010). Floristic study of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan province, Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(2), 271-275.
Yousaf, M. S., Ahmad, I., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Siddiqui, M. T., Khaliq, T., & Berlyn, G. P. (2020). Morphophysiological response and reclamation potential of two agroforestry tree species (Syzygium cumini and Vachellia nilotica) against salinity. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 57(5). 1393-1401.
Zeb, A., Akbar, F., Hussain, K., Safi, A., Rabnawaz, M., & Zeb, F. (2021). The competing value framework model of organizational culture, innovation and performance. Business Process Management Journal, 27(2), 658-683. https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-11-2019-0464
Zhou, H., Zhao, W., Luo, W., & Liu, B. (2015). Species diversity and vegetation distribution in nebkhas of Nitraria tangutorum in the desert steppes of China. Ecological Research, 30(4), 735-744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1277-z
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Bioscience Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
