Frequency of Hypocalcemia in chronic Liver Disease Patients

Amir Bashir

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.960

Authors

Amir Bashir Department of Medicine, Shahida Islam Medical College Lodhran, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i4.960

Keywords:

Chronic Liver Disease, Calcium Homeostasis, Hypocalcemia, Child-Pugh Classification, Socioeconomic Factors

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic liver disease (CLD) frequently leads to electrolyte imbalances, including hypocalcemia, due to impaired hepatic function. Hypocalcemia has significant clinical implications, particularly in advanced stages of CLD. Objectives: To determine the frequency of hypocalcemia in chronic liver disease patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital, Lodhran, Pakistan in the duration from 14 September, 2024 to 12 March, 2025. A total of 81 CLD patients were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. Corrected serum calcium levels were measured, and data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Results: Published reports indicate that hypocalcemia was noted in 27 percent of patients in the study, most of whom were in Child-Pugh Class B and C. Higher use was reported by patients with low SEP and those who had had the disease for longer. Gender and BMI did not correlate. Conclusion: It should, however, be noted that hypocalcemia is primarily present in the advanced stages of CLD. Patients’ outcomes may be enhanced when these practices are regularly observed, and early intercessions are made.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

- Khan, S.A., Khan, N.J., Hameed, R., Qadir, M., Ilyas, M. and Tahir, M., 2022. Association of various risk factors with hypocalcemia in decompensated liver disease of viral origin. The Professional Medical Journal, 29(12), pp.1770-1775. https://doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2022.29.12.4616

- Izhar, S.A.B.A., Abdullah, S., Amin, M.S., Cheema, A.M.I.N.A., Afzal, S.H.E.E.Z.A. and Afzal, S.A.R.A., 2022. Frequency of hypokalemia in chronic liver disease. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(1), pp.127-128. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161127

- Singh, Y., Nagar, D., Singh, M. and Maroof, M., 2022. Study of electrolyte disturbance in chronic liver disease patients attending a hospital in Kumaon region. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(8), pp.4479-4482. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_404_22

- Danish, M.R., 2023. Association of Serum Vitamin D and Calcium with Different Stages of Chronic Liver Diseases. Sch J App Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2023.v11i08.015

- Drácz, B., Müller, V., Takács, I., Hagymási, K., Dinya, E., Miheller, P., Szijártó, A. and Werling, K., 2023. Hypocalcemia on Admission Is a Predictor of Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients with Cirrhosis: A Multicenter Study in Hungary. Biomedicines, 11(6), p.1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061541

- Ullah, H., Shabana, H., Rady, M.A., Abdelsameea, E., Youssef, M.I., Helmy, H.A., Mustafa, G., Abd Elghafar, T.S., Almarshad, F., Alshahrani, A. and Abdel-Samiee, M., 2023. Hypokalemia as a responsible factor related with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy: A wide multination cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(6), pp.2427-2431. https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000000470

- Chakrabarty, S., Ghosh, B., Chaudhuri, A.R., Choudhury, J.R., Bhattacharjee, D. and Mukhopadhyay, M., 2024. Effect of chronic liver disease continuum upon calcium homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism: An observation from Eastern India. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 14(1), pp.51-51. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2023.13.04223202305062023

- di Filippo, L., Doga, M., Frara, S. and Giustina, A., 2022. Hypocalcemia in COVID-19: Prevalence, clinical significance and therapeutic implications. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 23(2), pp.299-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09655-z

- Chen, Y., Chen, X., Chen, Q. and Yu, C., 2021. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypokalemia in primary aldosteronism among Chinese population. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, p.565714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.565714

- Hashemipour, S., Kiani, S., Shahsavari, P., Afshar, S., Ghobadi, A., Khairkhahan, S.M.R.H., Badri, M., Farzam, S.S., Sohrabi, H., Seddighi, M. and Bahadori, R., 2022. Hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: roles of hypovitaminosis D and functional hypoparathyroidism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 40(4), pp.663-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-022-01330-w

- Ilyas, S., Mukhtar, R., Bashir, B., Nusrat, W., Ilyas, T. and Malik, L.M., 2023. Frequency of Hypocalcemia among Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: Chronic Plaque Psoriasis. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, pp.148-152. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i11.1061

- Choudhury, B.N., Baruah, B.J., Gandhi, N., Bhattacharyya, M., Deka, U.J., Nanda, J., Medhi, P., Sen, A., Sarma, P., Kalita, B. and Hazarika, S.J., 2023. A Clinical Study of Dyselectrolytemia in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver and its Association with Severity of Disease and Development of Complications. J Indian Med Assoc, 121(8), pp.00-00. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2022.07.072

- Fahad, D., Haider, S., Tabassum, S., Khalid, F., Mushtaque, S. and Ali, A., 2022. Prognostic Significance of Hypokalemia on Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 61(3), pp.130-133.

- Hernández-Rubio, A., Sanvisens, A., Barbier-Torres, L., Blanes, R., Miquel, L., Torrens, M., Rubio, G., Bolao, F., Zuluaga, P., Fuster, D. and de Fonseca, F.R., 2023. Associations of hypomagnesemia in patients seeking a first treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 245, p.109822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109822

- 15- Khalil, O.A., Ahmed, K.A. and Abdelrahman, E.A., 2024. Hypocalcemia in acute kidney injury patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit and its relation to clinical outcome. Zagazig University Medical Journal, 30(1.7), pp.3801-3813. https://doi.org/10.21608/zumj.2024.260994.3096